Ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS or GGBFS) is obtained by quenching molten iron slag (a by-product of iron and steelmaking) from a blast furnace in water or steam, to produce a glassy, granular product that is then dried and ground into a fine powder. Ground granulated blast furnace slag is a latent hydraulic binder forming calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H) after contact with water. It is a strength-enhancing compound improving the durability of concrete. The main components of blast furnace slag are CaO (30-50%), SiO₂ (28-38%), Al₂O₃ (8-24%), and MgO (1-18%). 

GBFS is a by-product of iron and steelmaking, produced by quenching (rapid cooling) molten iron slag from a blast furnace in water or steam, to form a glassy, granular product. This creates a hydraulic material that is naturally cementitious and high in calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H), a compound that increases the strength and durability of concrete. Granulated Blast Furnace Slag is different from air cooled slag. Air Cooled Slag is a waste material from steelmaking process that not utilized, even though it rich in silica and CaO that can increase mechanical properties of building materials.  Therefore, this material is potential as substitutor for geopolymer.

Cement, which hardens by hydration of the clinker minerals when water is added. Hydraulic cements (such as Portland cement) are made of a mixture of silicates and oxides, the four main mineral phases of the clinker, abbreviated in the cement chemist notation, being: C3S alite (3CaO·SiO2); C2S belite (2CaO·SiO2), C3A Celite (3CaO·Al2O3); C4AF brownmillerite (4CaO·Al2O3·Fe2O3). Hydraulic cements set and become adhesive through a chemical reaction between the dry ingredients and water. The chemical reaction results in mineral hydrates that are not very water-soluble and so are quite durable in water and safe from chemical attack.

Fly Ash, flue ash, coal ash, or pulverised fuel ash– plurale tantum: coal combustion residuals (CCRs). it is captured after coal combustion by filters (bag houses), electrostatic precipitators and other air pollution control devices. It is most commonly used as additives in blended cement production or as high-performance substitute for Portland cement in concrete production. Fly ash includes substantial amounts of silicon dioxide (SiO2) (both amorphous and crystalline), aluminium oxide (Al2O3) and calcium oxide (CaO), the main mineral compounds in coal-bearing rock strata 

Flue gas desulfurization gypsum (FGDG) is an industrial by-product generated during the flue gas desulfurization process in coal-fired power plants. It is produced from gas captured within emission control systems at coal fired electric utilities. It is the by-product of desulphurization of burnt gas with the wet limestone washing method. Main component is calcium sulphate dihydrate (CaSO4·2H2O)that can be of high enough quality to use in wallboard and other products,and therefore the FGD gypsum is used as a substitution for natural gypsum. It is also used in agricultural applications to treat undesirable soil conditions and to improve crop performance.